what percentage of the worlds lumber goes to paper production

Group of economic activities related to the production of forest and wood products

The wood manufacture or lumber industry is the industry concerned with forestry, logging, timber merchandise, and the production of main forest products and wood products (east.g. piece of furniture) and secondary products like wood pulp for the pulp and newspaper industry. Some of the largest producers are also among the biggest owners of timberland. The wood industry has historically been and continues to be an important sector in many economies.

Distinction [edit]

In the narrow sense of the terms, forest, woods, forestry and timber/lumber industry announced to point to dissimilar sectors, in the industrialized, internationalized world, there is a tendency toward huge integrated businesses that comprehend the complete spectrum from silviculture and forestry in private primary or secondary forests or plantations via the logging procedure upward to wood processing and trading and send (eastward.g. timber rafting, forest railways, logging roads).^{[ commendation needed ]}

Processing and products differs specially with regard to the distinction between softwood and hardwood.^{[one] [2] [3] [4] [5]} While softwood primarily goes into the production of wood fuel and pulp and paper, hardwood is used mainly for piece of furniture, floors, etc.. Both types tin be of employ for building and (residential) structure purposes (e.one thousand. log houses, log cabins, timber framing).^{[ citation needed ]}

Production concatenation [edit]

Lumber and wood products, including timber for framing, plywood, and woodworking, are created in the woods industry from the trunks and branches of trees through several processes, commencing with the selection of appropriate logging sites and concluding with the milling and treatment processes of the harvested cloth.

Top producers [edit]

Every bit of 2019, the tiptop timberland owners in the USA were structured every bit existent-estate investment trusts and include:^{[half dozen]}

• Weyerhaeuser Co.
• Rayonier
• PotlachDeltic
• Take hold of Mark Timber

In 2008 the largest lumber and woods producers in the USA were^[7]

• Boise Cascade
• North Pacific Group^[8]
• Newark Group
• Sierra Pacific Industries

Every bit these companies are often publicly traded, their ultimate owners are a diversified group of investors. At that place are also timber-oriented real-estate investment trusts.

According to sawmilldatabase, the globe peak producers of sawn wood in 2007 were:^[ix]

Company	Production or Capacity in m3/yr
West Fraser Timber Co Ltd	8460000
Canfor	6900000
Weyerhaeuser	6449000
Stora Enso	4646000
Georgia Pacific	4300000
Resolute Forest Products	3760000
Interfor	3550000
Sierra Pacific Industries	3200000
Hampton Affiliates[10]	3100000
Arauco	2800000
Tolko Industries Ltd	2500000
Pfeifer Group[xi]	2200000

Bug [edit]

Prophylactic [edit]

Noise [edit]

Workers inside the forestry and logging industry sub-sector fall inside the agronomics, forestry, fishing, and hunting (AFFH) industry sector as characterized past the North American Industry Classification Organization (NAICS).^[12] The National Plant for Occupational Safety and Wellness (NIOSH) has taken a closer expect at the AFFH manufacture's noise exposures and prevalence of hearing loss. While the overall manufacture sector had a prevalence of hearing loss lower than the overall prevalence of noise-exposed industries (xv% 5. 19%), workers inside forestry and logging exceeded 21%.^[13] Xxx-vi percent of workers within wood nurseries and gathering of forest products, a sub-sector within forestry and logging, experienced hearing loss, the virtually of any AFFH sub-sector. Workers within forest nurseries and gathering of forest products are tasked with growing trees for reforestation and gathering products such as rhizomes and barks. Comparatively, non-noise-exposed workers accept only a 7% prevalence of hearing loss.^[14]

Worker noise exposures in the forestry and logging industry have been found to be up to 102 dBA.^[15] NIOSH recommends that a worker have an 8-60 minutes time-weighted average of noise exposure of 85 dBA.^[16] Excessive noise puts workers at an increased gamble of developing hearing loss. If a worker were to develop a hearing loss as a result of occupational dissonance exposures, it would exist classified as occupational hearing loss. Noise exposures inside the forestry and logging industry can be reduced by enclosing engines and heavy equipment, installing mufflers and silencers, and performing routine maintenance on equipment.^[15] Noise exposures can also be reduced through the bureaucracy of hazard controls where removal or replacement of noisy equipment serves as the best method of noise reduction.^{[ citation needed ]}

Injury [edit]

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has plant that fatalities of forestry and logging workers have increased from 2013 to 2016, upwardly from 81 to 106 per year. In 2016, in that location were 3.half-dozen cases of injury and affliction per 100 workers within this manufacture.^[17]

Illegal logging [edit]

Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may exist illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as deforestation, soil erosion and biodiversity loss which tin drive larger scale environmental crisis such as climatic change and other forms of environmental degradation.

Illegality may too occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export (through fraudulent declaration to customs); the avoidance of taxes and other charges, and fraudulent certification.^[xviii] These acts are oft referred to every bit "wood laundering".^[xix]

Illegal logging is driven by a number of economic forces, such as demand for raw materials, land grabbing and demand for pasture for cattle. Regulation and prevention can happen at both the supply size, with better enforcement of environmental protections, and at the demand side, such as an increasing regulation of trade every bit part of the international lumber Industry.

Economy [edit]

The existence of a wood economic system, or more broadly, a forest economy (in many countries a bamboo economy predominates), is a prominent thing in many developing countries besides as in many other nations with a temperate climate and especially in those with low temperatures. These are generally the countries with greater forested areas so weather let for development of local forestry to harvest wood for local uses. The uses of wood in furniture, buildings, bridges, and equally a source of energy are widely known. Additionally, wood from copse and bushes, tin exist used in a variety of products, such equally forest pulp, cellulose in newspaper, celluloid in early photographic movie, cellophane, and rayon (a substitute for silk).^{[ citation needed ]}

At the end of their normal usage, forest products can be burnt to obtain thermal energy or can exist used as a fertilizer. The potential environmental impairment that a forest economy could occasion include a reduction of biodiversity due to monoculture forestry (the intensive tillage of very few copse types); and CO₂ emissions. All the same, forests can aid in the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus limit climate change.^[20]

A massive log raft headed downward the Columbia River in 1902, containing an entire year's worth of logs from one timber camp.

Paper is today the most used forest product.^{[ commendation needed ]}

History of use of wood [edit]

The wood economic system was the starting indicate of the civilizations worldwide, since eras preceding the Paleolithic^{[ clarification needed ]} and the Neolithic. It necessarily preceded ages of metals by many millennia, every bit the melting of metals was possible merely through the discovery of techniques to light burn (usually obtained by the scraping of two very dry wooden rods) and the building of many simple machines and rudimentary tools, as canes, society handles, bows, arrows, lances. I of the most ancient handmade articles always found is a polished wooden spear tip (Clacton Spear) 250,000 years sometime (third interglacial period), that was buried under sediments in England, at Clacton-on-Sea.^{[21] [22]}

Successive civilizations such as the Egyptians and Sumerians built sophisticated objects of article of furniture. Many types of furniture in ivory and valuable forest accept survived to our time practically intact, considering secluded in inviolated underground tombs, they were protected from disuse as well by the dry surroundings of desert.^{[23] [ better source needed ]}Many buildings and parts of these (higher up all roofs) independent elements in wood (often of oak) forming structural supports and covering; means of transport such as boats, ships; and later (with the invention of the bike) wagons and carriages, winches, flour mills powered past water, etc.^{[ citation needed ]}

Dimensions and geography [edit]

The master source of the lumber used in the world is forests, which tin can be classified every bit virgin, semivirgin and plantations. Much timber is removed for firewood by local populations in many countries, especially in the third earth, but this corporeality can just be estimated, with wide margins of uncertainty.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1998, the worldwide production of "Roundwood" (officially counted woods not used as firewood), was about one,500,000,000 cubic metres (2.0×10⁹ cu yd), amounting to around 45% of the wood cultivated in the world. Cut logs and branches destined to become elements for building construction accounted for approximately 55% of the world's industrial woods production. 25% became woods pulp (including woods powder and broccoli) mainly destined for the production of paper and paperboard, and approximately twenty% became panels in plywood and valuable wood for furniture and objects of common use (FAO 1998).^[24] The World'southward largest producer and consumer of officially accounted wood are the United States, although the country that possesses the greatest area of forest in Russia.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In the 1970s, the countries with the largest forest area were: Soviet Marriage (approximately 8,800,000 km²), Brazil (v,150,000 km^two), Canada (4,400,000 km²), United states of america (three,000,000 km²), Republic of indonesia (1,200,000 km²) and Autonomous Republic of Congo (one,000,000 km²). Other countries with important production and consumption of wood usually have a low density of population in relation to their territorial extension, here we tin can include countries equally Argentina, Chile, Republic of finland, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine.^{[ commendation needed ]}

By 2001 the rainforest areas of Brazil were reduced by a fifth (respect of 1970), to around 4,000,000 kmⁱⁱ; the basis cleared was mainly destined for cattle pasture—Brazil is the world's largest exporter of beefiness with almost 200,000,000 caput of cattle.^[25] The booming Brazilian ethanol economic system based upon carbohydrate cane cultivation, is likewise reducing forests expanse. Canadian forest was reduced by near 30% to 3,101,340 km² over the same period.^[26]

Importance in limiting climate change [edit]

Regarding the problem of climate change, information technology is known that burning forests increase CO_ii in the atmosphere, while intact virgin forest or plantations act as sinks for CO_two, for these reasons wood economic system fights greenhouse effect. The amount of CO₂ captivated depends on the blazon of trees, lands and the climate of the place where copse naturally abound or are planted. Moreover, by dark plants practice not photosynthesize, and produce CO₂, eliminated the successive day. Paradoxically in summer oxygen created by photosynthesis in forests near to cities and urban parks, interacts with urban air pollution (from cars, etc.) and is transformed by solar beams in ozone (molecule of iii oxygen atoms), that while in loftier temper constitutes a filter against ultraviolet beams, in the low atmosphere is a pollutant, able to provoke respiratory disturbances.^{[27] [28]}

In a depression-carbon economic system, forestry operations volition be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Wood managers will make certain that they practise not disturb soil-based carbon reserves likewise much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will exist grown on short rotations to maximize output.^[29]

Production by country [edit]

In Australia [edit]

• Eucalyptus: these are seven hundred tree species from Commonwealth of australia, that grow very fast in tropical, sub-tropical and semi-arid climates, and are very resistant to woods fires (with their tree cortex) and drought. Its essential oil is used in pharmacology, its wood for edifice, and the small branches as firewood and pulpwood.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Brazil [edit]

Brazil has a long tradition in the harvesting of several types of trees with specific uses. Since the 1960s, imported species of pino tree and eucalyptus have been grown mostly for the plywood and paper lurid industries. Currently high-level research is being conducted, to employ the enzymes of sugar pikestaff fermentation to cellulose in forest, to obtain methanol, only the cost is much higher when compared with ethanol derived from corn costs.^[30]

• Brazilwood: has a dense, orange-crimson heartwood that takes a loftier ruby-red polish (brasa=ember), and it is the premier wood used for making bows for string instruments from the violin family. These trees soon became the biggest source of red dye, and they were such a big office of the economic system and export of that country, that slowly it was known as Brazil.^[31]
• Hevea brasiliensis: is the biggest source of the best latex, that is used to industry many objects in rubber, as an example gloves, condoms, anti-allergic mattresses and tires (vulcanized rubber). Latex has the ability to adjust to the exact shape of the trunk function, an advantage over polyurethane or polyethylene gloves.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Canada and the US [edit]

There is a close relation in the forestry economy betwixt these countries; they have many tree genera in common, and Canada is the master producer of woods and wooden items destined to the US, the biggest consumer of forest and its byproducts in the world. The water systems of the Great Lakes, Erie Canal, Hudson River and Saint Lawrence Seaway to the east coast and the Mississippi River to the fundamental plains and Louisiana allows transportation of logs at very low costs. On the west coast, the basin of the Columbia River has plenty of forests with excellent timber.^{[ citation needed ]}

Canada [edit]

The agency Canada Wood Council calculates that in the year 2005 in Canada, the woods sector employed 930,000 workers (1 task in every 17), making around $108 billion of value in appurtenances and services. For many years products derived from copse in Canadian forests had been the most important export items of the state. In 2011, exports around the earth totaled some $64.3 billion – the unmarried largest correspondent to Canadian trade balance.^{[26] [32]}

Canada is the world leader in sustainable forest management practices. Only 120,000,000 hectares (1,200,000 km²; 463,320 sq mi) (28% of Canadian forests) are currently managed for timber production while an estimated 32,000,000 hectares (320,000 km²; 123,550 sq mi) are protected from harvesting past the current legislation.^[33]

United States [edit]

• Red: a hardwood prized for its high quality in grain, width, color, and rich warm glow.^[34] The first trees were carried to the lands surrounding Rome (Latium) from Armenia.^[35] In the United States, most ruby trees are grown in Washington, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, California and Oregon.^[36]
• Cedar: this genus is a grouping of conifers of the family Pinaceae, originating from high mount areas from the Carpathians, Lebanese republic and Turkey to the Himalayas. Their scented woods make them suitable for chests and closet lining. Cedar oil and forest is known to be a natural repellent to moths.^[37] Actually are planted in western and southern Us, mostly for ornamental purposes, simply also for the product of pencils (specially incense-cedar).^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Douglas fir: a native tree of the United States west coast and Mountain States, with records in fast growth and high statures in brief fourth dimension. The coast Douglas fir grows in coastal regions upwards to altitudes of about ane,800 meters; the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir grows farther inland, at altitudes ranging from 800 m to iii,000 m or higher. The wood is used for construction, for homebuilt aircraft, for paper pulp, and too as firewood.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Hybrid poplar is being investigated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee^{[38] [39]} for genetic engineering to obtain a tree with a higher content of cellulose and a lower content in lignin, in such a way that the extraction of bioethanol (useful as a fuel) could be easier and less expensive.
• Walnut: a prized piece of furniture and etching hardwood because of its colour, hardness, grain and durability. Walnut forest has been the timber of selection for gun makers for centuries. It remains ane of the most pop choices for burglarize and shotgun stocks.^[40]

In the Caribbean and Central America [edit]

• Mahogany: has a straight grain, usually free of voids and pockets. The most prized species come from Republic of cuba and Honduras. Information technology has a reddish-brown colour, which darkens over fourth dimension, and displays a beautiful reddish sheen when polished. Information technology has excellent workability, is available in big boards, and is very durable. Mahogany is used in the making of many musical instruments, as drums, acoustic and electric guitars' back and side, and luxury headphones.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Europe [edit]

Italia [edit]

The species that are ideal for the many uses in this type of economic system are those employed by arboriculture, that are very well known for their features and the need for sure types of ground and climates.

• Fraxinus: beingness a lightweight forest is easy to ship, equally firewood burns easily, grows in clammy environments like those nowadays in river flooding areas, stands pollution of h2o and air.
• Larix: in Italy it grows at loftier altitudes around mountain tops, its timber stand up sudden climatic change, from icy winds to high temperatures in sunny afternoon summers, it is excellent for use in the building of exposed structures every bit bridges, roofs, etc.
• Stone pino: "Mediterranean pine" could be the noble emblem of many coastal areas in Italy, originally giant forests of pines extended from the mouth of the Tiber river until Liguria and Provence in France, over soils with loftier salinity, not very apt for agriculture. Its copse produce a vast corporeality of dry out branches that can be burnt, cones (used for Christmas decoration) and needle-like foliage that can be burnt, or used as mulch. Oils and resins can be used in scents and ointments. The pinoli are useful elements in Italian cooking (along with basil are tritured to brand pesto sauce). Currently, "progress" has brought to a severe reduction of this magnificent tree extensions, and in many places cheap beach buildings, motorcar-parking and semi-abased areas have taken their place.
• Poplar: in Italy is the most important species for tree plantations, is used for several purposes equally plywood manufacture, packing boxes, paper, matches, etc. It needs skilful quality grounds with good drainage, but can be used to protect the cultivations if disposed in windbreak lines. More than 70% of Italian poplar cultivations are located in the pianura Padana. Constantly the extension of the cultivation is existence reduced, from 650 kmⁱⁱ in the 1980s to current 350 km². The yield of poplars is nigh 1,500 t/km² of wood every year.^[41] The production from poplars is around 45–l% of the full Italian wood product.^[42]
  • In the history of art poplar was the wood of selection for painting surfaces every bit panels, as in Renaissance (The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci). Because of this reason, many of the products with the highest added value, extremely expensive, are made with wood from the humble merely durable poplar.
  • Because of the presence of tannic acrid, poplar cortex was frequently used in Europe for the tanning of leather.

Portugal [edit]

• Oak for cork: are trees with a slow growth, but long life, are cultivated in warm hill areas (min. temp. > −5°Celsius) in all the westward area of Mediterranean shores. Cork is popular as a cloth for message boards. Fifty-fifty if the product as stoppers for wine bottles is diminishing in favor of nylon stoppers, in the sake of free energy saving granules of cork tin can be mixed into concrete. These composites have depression thermal conductivity, depression density and good energy absorption (earthquake resistant). Some of the property ranges of the composites are density (400–1500 kg/grand³), compressive forcefulness (ane–26 MPa) and flexural strength (0.5–4.0 MPa).^[43] Because of this cork can be used as thermal isolation in buildings (every bit well in its natural form and as a mixture), useful also as sound insulation. In the shoe industry cork is used for soles and insoles. In the earth at that place are twenty,000 km² of cork oak plantations, and every yr are extracted around 300,000 tons of cork, fifty% in Portugal, 15,000 in Italy (12,000 in the island of Sardinia). The advantage of this natural industry is that the extraction of cork from layers outer to the cortex does not kill the tree.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Scandinavia and Russia [edit]

In Sweden, Finland and to an extent Norway, much of the land expanse is forested, the pulp and paper manufacture is one of the nearly significant industrial sectors. Chemical pulping produces an backlog of energy, since the organic matter in blackness liquor, mostly lignin and hemicellulose breakdown products, is burned in the recovery boiler. Thus, these countries take loftier proportions of renewable energy utilisation (25% in Finland, for instance). Considerable effort is directed towards increasing the value and usage of forest products by companies and by regime projects.^{[ citation needed ]}

• Scots pino and Norway spruce: These species comprise nigh of boreal forest, and together as a softwood mixture they are converted chemic pulp for paper.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Birch: is a genus with many species of trees from Scandinavia and Russian federation, excellent for acrid grounds. They act as pioneer species in the frozen border between taiga and tundra, are very resistant to periods of drought and icy conditions. The species Betula nana has been identified as the ideal tree for the acid grounds of the sides of sloped mountains, as well in southern Europe, with soils poor in nutrients, where these trees tin can be used to restrain landslides. Dissolving pulp is produced from birch. Xylitol tin be produced by hydrogenation of xylose, which is a byproduct of chemical pulping of birch.^{[ citation needed ]}

Outputs [edit]

A forest production is any cloth derived from forestry for straight consumption or commercial employ, such as lumber, paper, or forage for livestock. Wood, by far the ascendant product of forests, is used for many purposes, such as woods fuel (e.yard. in form of firewood or charcoal) or the finished structural materials used for the structure of buildings, or as a raw material, in the form of wood pulp, that is used in the product of paper. All other non-wood products derived from forest resources, comprising a broad diverseness of other forest products, are collectively described as non-timber wood products (NTFP).^{[44] [45] [46]} Non-timber forest products are viewed to accept fewer negative furnishings on wood ecosystem when providing income sources for local community.^[47]

Globally, near ane.15 billion ha of forest is managed primarily for the production of woods and non-wood wood products. In addition, 749 million ha is designated for multiple apply, which frequently includes product.^[48]

Worldwide, the area of forest designated primarily for production has been relatively stable since 1990 just the area of multiple-use forest has decreased by about 71 million ha.^[48]

Combustion [edit]

The burning of wood is currently the largest employ of free energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Woods fuel may exist available equally firewood (e.g. logs, bolts, blocks), charcoal, fries, sheets, pellets and sawdust. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating through stoves and fireplaces, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. For many centuries many types of traditional ovens were used to benefit from the heat generated past woods combustion. Now, more efficient and clean solutions accept been adult: advanced fireplaces (with estrus exchangers), wood-fired ovens, wood-burning stoves and pellet stoves, that are able to filter and split up pollutants (centrifuging ashes with rotative filters), thus eliminating many emissions, also allowing to recover a college quantity of heat that escaped with the chimney fumes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Hateful energy density of wood, was calculated at around 6–17 Megajoule/Kilogram, depending on species and moisture content.^{[ citation needed ]}

Combustion of wood is, nevertheless, linked to the production of micro-environmental pollutants, as carbon dioxide (CO_ii), carbon monoxide (CO) (an invisible gas able to provoke irreversible saturation of claret's hemoglobine), as well as nanoparticles.^[49]

In Italian republic poplar has been proposed as a tree cultivated to be transformed into biofuels, because of the excellent ratio of free energy extracted from its wood because of poplar's fast growing and capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the small amount of energy needed to cultivate, cut and send the copse. Populus ten canadensis 'I-214', grows so fast that is able to reach 14 inches (36 cm) in diameter and heights of 100 anxiety (30 grand) in ten years.^{[ citation needed ]}

Charcoal [edit]

Charcoal is the dark gray balance consisting of impure carbon obtained past removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of forest or other substances in the absence of oxygen. Charcoal tin can then be used as a fuel with a higher combustion temperature.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Woods gasogen [edit]

Wood gas generator (gasogen): is a beefy and heavy device (but technically unproblematic) that transforms burning wood in a mix of molecular hydrogen (H_ii), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), molecular nitrogen (N_two) and water vapor (H_twoO). This gas mixture, known as "wood gas", "poor gas" or "syngas" is obtained after the combustion of dry wood in a reductive environment (low in oxygen) with a limited amount of atmospheric air, at temperatures of 900° Celsius, and can fuel an internal combustion engine.^[fifty]

A machine congenital in the 1940s by Ilario Bandini, with a woods gas generator device.

In the time between World War I and World War Ii included, because of the lack of oil, in many countries, like Italy, France, Neat Great britain and Sweden, several gasoline-powered cars were modified, with the addition of a wood gas generator (a "gasogen"), a device powered by forest, coal, or burnable waste, able to produce (and purify) gas that immediately, in the aforementioned vehicle, could power a slightly modified Water ice engine of a standard automobile (depression-compression engine). Carburetor had to be inverse with an air-gas mixer). There were several setbacks, as the corking reduction of maximum speed and the need to bulldoze using low gears and wisely dosing the amount of air. In modern cars, modified with a woods gas generator, gas emissions (CO, CO₂ and NOx) are lower to those of the same vehicle running with gasoline (keeping the aforementioned catalytic converter).^{[ commendation needed ]}

Methanol [edit]

Methanol (the simplest booze) behaves as a liquid at 25 °C, is toxic and corrosive, and in organic chemistry basic books is often called "the spirit of wood", since it tin exist obtained from wood fermentation. Rarely, when unwise vino-makers mix pocket-sized chunks of wood and leaves with grapes, methanol tin can be institute equally a pollutant of the blend of water, ethanol and other substances derived from grape'south fermentation.^{[ citation needed ]}

The best manner to obtain methanol from wood is through syngas (CO, CO₂, H_ii) produced past the anhydrous pyrolysis of wood, a method discovered by ancient Egyptians.^{[ citation needed ]}

Methanol tin be used as an oxygen-rich additive for gasoline. However, information technology is usually much cheaper to produce methanol from marsh gas or from syngas. Methanol is the nearly important base material for industrial chemical science, where it is oftentimes used to make more complex molecules through reactions of halogenation and chemical addition reaction.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Gas turbine [edit]

Tanks [edit]

The American M1 Abrams main battle tank is powered by a gas turbine of ane,500 hp (1,100 kW),^[51] that it is able to function also with a mix at 50% of woods powder and biodiesel, diesel fuel or kerosene. Its advantages over turbo-diesel engine, are the small size and light weight, the lack of a radiator (which gives an reward against the result of gun and cannon shots and missile strikes suffered in battle). A setback is the high fuel consumption, since the turbine engine has not the ability to work at a depression revolutions per minute rate, much lower than platonic, and during the march this engine consumes twice as much fuel every bit a modern turbo-diesel engine with intercooler and direct injection.^{[ citation needed ]}

Structure [edit]

Woods is relatively light in weight, considering its specific weight is less than 500 kg/m³, this is an reward, when compared against 2,000–2,500 kg/m³ for reinforced concrete or 7,800 kg/yard³ for steel.^{[ citation needed ]}

Wood is strong, because the efficiency of wood for structural purposes has qualities that are like to steel.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Material	East/f
Concrete	(Rck300, fck 25 M-Pascal)		1250
Structural steel	Fe430 (ft = 430 MPa)		480
Glued laminated timber	(BS 11 ÷ BS eighteen)		470
Aluminium	(alloy 7020, ft 355 MPa)		200

Bridges, levees, microhydro, piers [edit]

Wood is used to build bridges (every bit the Magere bridge in Amsterdam), as well as water and air mills, and microhydro generators for electricity.^{[ citation needed ]}

Housing [edit]

Hardwood is used as a material in wooden houses, and other structures with a broad range of dimensions. In traditional homes wood is preferred for ceilings, doors, floorings and windows. Wooden frames were traditionally used for home ceilings, just they risk collapse during fires.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The development of energy efficient houses including the "passive firm" has revamped the importance of wood in construction, because wood provides audio-visual and thermal insulation, with much better results than physical.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Earthquake resistant buildings [edit]

In Japan, ancient buildings, of relatively high elevation, like pagodas, historically had shown to be able to resist earthquakes of high intensity, thanks to the traditional building techniques, employing elastic joints, and to the excellent ability of wooden frames to elastically deform and absorb astringent accelerations and compressive shocks.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 2006, Italian scientists from CNR patented^[52] a building arrangement that they called "SOFIE",^[53] a seven-storey wooden building, 24 meters high, built by the "Istituto per la valorizzazione del legno e delle specie arboree" (Ivalsa) of San Michele all'Adige. In 2007 information technology was tested with the hardest Japanese antiseismic test for civil structures: the simulation of Kobe'southward convulsion (7.2 Richter calibration), with the building placed over an enormous aquiver platform belonging to the NIED-Institute, located in Tsukuba science park, almost the metropolis of Miki in Japan. This Italian project, employed very thin and flexible panels in glued laminated timber, and according to CNR researchers could lead to the construction of much more safe houses in seismic areas.^[54]

Shipbuilding [edit]

One of the most indelible materials is the lumber from virginian southern live oak and white oak, specially alive oak is sixty% stronger than white oak and more resistant to moisture. As an example, the main component in the structure of battle ship USS Constitution, the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat (launched in 1797) is white oak.^[55]

Woodworking

Woodworking is the activity or skill of making items from forest, and includes cabinet making (cabinetry and furniture), wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning. Millions of people brand a livelihood on woodworking projects.^{[ citation needed ]}

Meet also [edit]

• Autarchy
• Canada–The states softwood lumber dispute
• Wood Stewardship Quango
• Depression-carbon economy

Notes and references [edit]

1. ^ "Hardwood Industries – The Pacific Northwest's Source for Hardwood Lumber". Hardwoodind.com.
2. ^ Government of Canada, Strange Affairs Trade and Development Canada (3 November 2008). "Softwood Lumber". GAC.
3. ^ Scott Bowe (6 June 2012). "Industry Trends and Marketing Strategies for the Hardwood Lumber Industry : Great Lakes Forest, Industry Products, and Resources Acme" (PDF). Sustainabledevelopmentinstitute.org . Retrieved 14 September 2018.
4. ^ "Softwood Lumber, Binational Softwood Lumber Council". Softwoodlumber.org.
5. ^ Roos, Anders; Flinkman, Matti; Jäppinen, Armas; Lönner, Göran; Warensjö, Mats (2001). "Production strategies in the Swedish softwood sawmilling industry". Forest Policy and Economic science. iii (3–4): 189–197. doi:ten.1016/S1389-9341(01)00063-6.
6. ^ "Timberland REITs | Nareit". www.reit.com . Retrieved ii September 2019.
7. ^ "America's Largest Individual Companies – Industry is Lumber, Woods Production sorted past Rank". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010.
8. ^ "America's Largest Individual Companies: #425 North Pacific Grouping". Forbes.com.
9. ^ "The Earth's Meridian Producers – The Sawmill Database". Sawmilldatabase.com.
10. ^ "Home – Hampton Lumber". Hampton Lumber.
11. ^ "Pfeifer Group • Holzverarbeitung • Export in xc Länder". Pfeifergroup.com.
12. ^ ESMD, US Demography Bureau Classification Evolution Branch. "United states Census Bureau Site North American Industry Nomenclature Organization main page". Census.gov . Retrieved 12 Baronial 2018.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse. How Societies Choose to Neglect or Succeed. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-14-303655-6.
• "Construction of a Simplified Woods Gas Generator for Fueling Internal Combustion Engines in a Petroleum Emergency"

External links [edit]

• Fast Growing Trees
• Forestry Encyclopedia – Forests and Forestry in the Americas
• Canadian Forests – Quick Facts
• Canadian Forests – Information Reseources
• UNECE – FAO – Timber Commission – European Forestry Commission
• WOODGAS: Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF) website
• Oldest Forest business firm at Czech Republic
• http://www.globalwood.org/

Encounter as well [edit]

• Deforestation
• Forest Products Association of Canada
• Woods Stewardship Council
• Hardwood/softwood
• Illegal logging
• Lumber manufacture on the Ottawa River
• National Hardwood Lumber Clan
• Lurid and newspaper industry in the United States

tryonfralmoverse1985.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_industry

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